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• • • Chiptune, also known as chip music or 8-bit music, is which is made for (PSG) sound chips used in vintage,, and. The term also refers to which intentionally sounds similar to older PSG-created music and music that combines PSG sounds with modern musical styles. By the early 1980s, became less expensive and more accessible than they had previously been. This led to a proliferation of outdated personal computers and game consoles that had been abandoned by consumers as they upgraded to newer machines. They were in low demand by consumers as a whole, and not difficult to find, making them a highly accessible and affordable method of creating sound or art. While it has been a mostly underground genre, chiptune has had periods of moderate popularity in the 1980s and 21st century, and has influenced the development of.

A musician's chiptune setup involving The terms 'chip music' and 'chiptune' refer to music made by the sound chips found within early gaming systems and. A is a fundamental module in a sound synthesis system. A waveform generator usually produces a basic geometrical waveform with a fixed or variable and variable pitch. Common waveform generator configurations usually included two or three simple waveforms and often a single generator (PRNG). Available often included (whose can be varied by modifying the ), (a symmetrical pulse wave producing only odd overtones), (which has a fixed timbre containing only odd, but is softer than a square wave), and (which has a bright raspy timbre and contains odd and even harmonics). Two notable examples of systems employing this technology comprise the portable game console, and the personal computer.

The Game Boy uses two pulse channels (switchable between 12.5%, 25%, 50% and 75% wave duty cycle), a channel for 4-bit playback, and a pseudo-random-noise generator. The Commodore 64, however, used the chip which offered 3 channels, each switchable between pulse, saw-tooth, triangle, and noise. Unlike the Game Boy, the pulse channels on the Commodore 64 allowed full control over wave duty cycles. The SID was a very technically advanced chip, offering many other features including ring modulation and adjustable resonance filters. Due to limited number of voices in those primitive chips, one of the main challenges is to produce rich music with them. The usual method to emulate it is via quick, which is one of the most relevant features of chiptune music (along, of course, with its electronic timbres). Some older systems featured a simple as their only sound output, as the original and; despite this, many skilled programmers were able to produce unexpected rich music with this bare hardware, where the sound is fully generated by the system's by direct control of the beeper.

History [ ] The earliest precursors to chip music can be found in the early history of. In 1951, the computers and were used to perform real-time synthesized digital music in public. One of the earliest commercial computer music albums came from the First Philadelphia Computer Music Festival, held August 25, 1978, as part of the Personal Computing '78 show. The First Philadelphia Computer Music Festival recordings were published by Creative Computing in 1979. The program (1976–79) credited a for the music.

Video game origins [ ] Chiptune music began to appear with the produced during the. An early example was the opening tune in 's (1975). The first video game to use a continuous background soundtrack was Tomohiro Nishikado's 1978 release, which had four simple descending repeating in, though it was dynamic and interacted with the player, increasing pace as the enemies descended on the player. The first video game to feature continuous melodic was, an arcade game released by in 1980, featuring a simple tune that repeats continuously during. It was also one of the earliest games to use a to produce sounds. That same year, the first video game to feature was also released, 's arcade game.

's (1982) by Fukumura Mizunaga features a chiptune of 's hit ' (1979). Problems playing this file? In the late 1970s, the pioneering / group (YMO) were using computers to produce synthesized music. Some of their early music, including their 1978 self-titled, were sounds from popular arcade games such as Space Invaders and Gun Fight. In addition to incorporating sounds from contemporary video games into their music, the band would later have a major influence on much of the video game and chiptune music produced during the and.

's 1982 arcade game, for example, featured a chiptune of YMO's ' (1979); several later also covered the song, such as Trooper Truck (1983) by as well as (1984) and (1986) arranged. By 1983, 's arcade game utilized five sound chips along with a digital-to-analog converter, which were partly used to create an electronic rendition of. In 1984, former YMO member released an album produced entirely from Namco arcade game samples entitled Video Game Music, an early example of a chiptune record and the first video game music album. The record featured the work of Namco's chiptune composers: Toshio Kai ( in 1980), Nobuyuki Ohnogi (, and in 1981, and in 1982), and Yuriko Keino ( and in 1982). FM synthesis [ ] A major advance for chip music was the introduction of (FM synthesis), first commercially released by for their and FM, which began appearing in arcade machines from the early 1980s. Arcade game composers utilizing FM synthesis at the time included Konami's (,, ) and 's (,, ).

By the early 1980s, significant improvements to music were made possible with the introduction of FM synthesis sound. Began manufacturing FM for Japanese computers such as the and in the early 1980s, and by the mid-1980s, the PC-8801 and had built-in FM sound. This allowed computer game music to have greater complexity than the simplistic from internal speakers. These FM synth boards produced a 'warm and pleasant sound' that musicians such as and utilized to produce music that is still highly regarded within the chiptune community. In the early 1980s, Japanese such as the NEC PC-88 and PC-98 featured such as (MML) and interfaces, which were most often used to produce video game music.

Also released the FM Sound Editor software for the FM-7 in 1985, providing users with a user-friendly interface to create and edit synthesized music. 'Expander' from of Sega's game (1992), composed. It features of with basslines and ' electronic textures.' Problems playing this file?

The widespread adoption of FM synthesis by consoles would later be one of the major advances of the, by which time 16-bit arcade machines were using multiple FM synthesis chips. A major chiptune composer during this period was. Despite later advances in audio technology, he would continue to use older PC-8801 hardware to produce chiptune soundtracks for series such as (1991–1994) and (2007–present). His soundtrack to (1989) featured and compositions that fused with traditional. For (1992) is considered 'revolutionary' and 'ahead of its time' for its ' swaggering house, and electronic textures that would feel as comfortable in a as a video game.'

For the soundtrack to (1994), Koshiro created a new composition method called the 'Automated Composing System' to produce 'fast-beat techno like,' resulting in innovative and generated automatically. Koshiro also composed chiptune soundtracks for series such as,,, and. Another important FM synth composer was the late, who composed chiptune soundtracks for various and games. SID music culture [ ]. MOS 6581 and 8580 Commodore 64 SID chips. Later on, several demo groups moved to using their own music instead of ripped game music.

In 1986, studied Rob Hubbard's player routine and used it for original demo songs before writing a routine of his own in 1987. Hobbyists were also writing their own dedicated music editor software, such as 's Soundmonitor which was released as a type-in listing in a 1986 issue of the German C-64 magazine. The practice of SID music composition has continued seamlessly until this day in conjunction with the demoscene., a comprehensive archive of SID music, contains over 40,000 pieces of SID music.

Tracker chiptunes [ ]. See also: and (1985), with its wavetable and sample-based sound synthesis, distanced the concept of microcomputer music away from plain chip-synthesized sounds. Amiga, beginning from Karsten Obarski's (1987), inspired great numbers of computer enthusiasts to create computer music. As an offshoot of the burgeoning tracker music culture, a type of tracker music reminiscent of Commodore 64 SID music was born. This type of music came to be called 'chiptunes'. Earliest examples of tracker chiptunes date back to 1989 and are attributed to the musicians, Baroque,, Turtle and Duz. Tracker chiptunes are based on very short looped waveforms which are modulated by tracker effects such as,, and.

Musicians like Random Voice later included the technique of rapidly repeating series of offset waveforms in order to fully emulate one single SID instrument with trackers. The small amount of sample data made tracker chiptunes far more space-efficient than most other types of tracker music, which made them appealing to size-limited demoscene demos and crack intros.

Tracker chiptunes have also been commonly used in other executables such as. Nowadays, the term 'chiptune' is also used to cover chip music using actual chip-based synthesis, but some sources, such as the Amiga Music Preservation project, still define a chiptune specifically as a small. Steps toward the mainstream music world [ ] The heyday of chiptune music was the 1980s. The earliest commercial chiptune records produced entirely from sounds have existed since the mid-1980s, an early example being 's Video Game Music in 1984.

Though entirely chiptune records were uncommon at the time, many mainstream musicians in the, and genres were sampling arcade game sounds and during the (late 1970s to mid-1980s), as early as 's ' in 1978. 's ' and the were major hits in 1982. Arcade game sounds were one of the foundational elements of the genre, which in turn inspired many other genres such as and, which were sometimes referred to as 'bleep music'. Inspired, which in turn provided the for ' 'On and On' (1984), the first track. 's record ' (1990) by sampled video game sounds from Yellow Magic Orchestra's 'Computer Game' and defined Sheffield's scene in the early 1990s. The game (1984), composed by, was by 's / hit ' (1999). Problems playing this file?

After the 1980s, however, chiptune music began declining in popularity. Since then, up until the 2000s, chip music was rarely performed live and the songs were nearly exclusively spread as executable programs and other computer file formats.

Some of the earliest examples of record label releases of pure chip music can be found in the late 1990s. Chiptune music began gaining popularity again towards the end of the 1990s. The first record, 's 'Space Invaders Are Smoking Grass' (1997), has been described as 'burbling electro in a vocodered homage to hi-jinks'.

By the mid-2000s, 8-bit chip music began making a comeback in mainstream pop music, when it was used by acts such as (for example, the 2005 song '), (for example, the 2004 song '), with the song 'Running', and particularly in many of their songs. The low-quality digital styling of early game music composers such as Hiroshi Kawaguchi also began gaining popularity. In 2003, the girl group, along with producer, began producing music combining chiptunes with and; their breakthrough came in 2007 with, which led to other Japanese female artists using a similar electronic style, including,,,,, and.

Electro house producer started his career in the late 1990s, with a chiptune and demoscene movements-influenced sound. Three self-released compilations, and were finished in 2006. In 2007, the notable, entirely chiptune album was released on major mainstream label / Records, which included several prominent and noted chipmusicians, including Nanoloop creator Oliver Wittchow, and LittleSoundDJ creator Johan Kotlinski who appears as the artist Role Model. Founding member personally selected the tracks. A vinyl 12-inch single version was released on February 24, 2007 as a precursor to the full-length CD, and reached as high as number 17 on the Hot Dance Singles Sales Chart.

In March 2007, the CD release reached as high as number 1 on the RPM (North American college Electronic) charts. Edinburgh born electronic musician has helped further popularize chiptune, especially with the song 'True Love Fantasy' and other songs from the EP 'Tidal Rave' being played on late night radio, including on BBC Radio 1, where he played live on the Festive Festival 2011. In Canada, and helped the popularity further via the Toronto underground club scene and created a lasting impression with the music video 'Heart Invaders' debuting on in 2008 and the single ' hitting 29th on '150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years'. During the late 2000s, a new wave of chiptune culture took place, boosted by the release of software such as for the Game Boy. This new culture has much more emphasis on live performances and record releases than the demoscene and tracker culture, of which the new artists are often only distantly aware. In recent years, 8-bit chiptune sounds, or 'video game beats', have been used by a number of mainstream pop artists. Examples include artists such as (most notably in ', the of 2010), with the hit single 'Ayo Technology',,, (for example, 'Hellbound'),, and (see ).

The influence of video game sounds can also be heard in contemporary British music by artists such as and, as well as in bands such as. Music in particular samples sawtooth wave sounds from video games which were popular in.

Producers have also been influenced by video game chiptunes, particularly the work of. In 2010, a article stated that the 'sights and sounds of ' (naming and as examples) are 'now becoming a part of mainstream music and culture.' Pioneer has also cited video game sounds, or chiptunes, as an influence on his style of music along with 1980s music.

These are examples of modern-day chiptune tracks distributed as stand-alone music files without being a part of a video game soundtrack. Problems playing these files? The chip is far from dead with ' being held, groups releasing and with the /demo scene. New tools are making chip sounds available to less techy musicians. The platform has the MidiNES, a cartridge that turns the system into a full blown hardware MIDI controlled synthesizer.

Recently, for the, the Mssiah has been released, which is very similar to the MidiNES, but with greater parameter controls, sequencing, analog drum emulation, and limited sample playback. The has the software, which uses the PET's chip for sound, allows the computer to be played like a piano keyboard, and features many effects. On the platform, is one of the most famous chiptune makers because of the ability to create hand-drawn samples with the mouse. Chiptune artist has also designed music software such as Music Tech for the Game Boy and the Pro Performer for the and which turn both machines into real time synthesizers. Chip music has returned to 21st century gaming, either in full chip music style or using chip samples in the music. Popular games that features chiptune elements in their soundtracks include,,,,,, and.

Furthermore, the in December 2010 used a faux 8-bit game with an 8-bit sound track by crashfaster to demonstrate its notable legal achievements for that year. On March 16, 2012 the 's 'The Art of Video Games' exhibit opened featuring a chipmusic soundtrack at the entrance by artists &. 8 Bit Weapon also created a track called 'The art of Video Games Anthem' for the exhibit as well.

In September 2015, the first music compilation based on, Domo Loves Chiptune, was released on iTunes, Amazon, and all major music streaming services. The compilation features top artists in the Chiptune genre such and. Domo Loves Chiptune also features the first Chiptune remix of the Domo theme song by Mystery Mansion. The New York City chiptune scene was also the subject of a documentary called Reformat the Planet. This film was an official selection at the 2008. There have been a number of television segments featuring chiptunes and chip music artists in the past few years. On April 11, 2005, played their songs 'Bombs Away' and 'Gameboy Rocker' on 's live broadcast Episode #5058.

In 2008, as a parody of, the first four episodes of 's opened with a chiptune remix of 's ' (1735) by Hamhocks Buttermilk Johnson. Another chipmusic feature included little-scale, Dot.AY, and Jim Cuomo on the ABC Australia television series. Skrolli magazine: 37. September 15, 2014. Retrieved 2015-08-30. • Friedman, Ian..

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